The thermal method is a method of sterilizing using high pressure steam or high temperature water in an autoclave. Due to the microbial environment in the hot and humid environment, some important proteins are denatured and solidified, which will cause the microorganisms to die, thus achieving the purpose of sterilization. Microorganisms can be killed at relatively low temperatures under hot and humid conditions compared to dry heat sterilization. The conventional operating temperature of the autoclave is 121 ° C, the time is 10 ~ 20 min; 115 ° C can also be selected to achieve the same killing effect, the general time is 45 min. Thermal methods are methods of sterilization in specially designed sterilization equipment where the temperature within the equipment is controllable by gas or electrical heating. Dry heat sterilization is based on incineration or oxidation to dehydrate and kill microorganisms for sterilization purposes. Since dry heat sterilization is less effective in killing microorganisms, higher temperatures and longer times are required. The specific temperature and time should be determined according to the size and type of the product, the container and its heat distribution characteristics. In general, the individual unit to be sterilized should be as small as possible, and the hot air should be able to circulate freely in the equipment container chamber when the sterilization equipment is loaded. The temperature of dry heat sterilization is usually 160 to 170 ° C, and the time is ≥ 2 h. Higher temperatures reduce time, whereas lower temperatures take longer.

Our company has been engaged in the production and sales of laboratory equipment for many years, and has rich experience in laboratory equipment. I hope the following management methods for laboratory equipment can provide you with some reference and ideas. Laboratory instruments and equipment are very important. Instruments are the “soul” of the laboratory. Without instruments, experiments and tests cannot be done. Therefore, instruments and equipment play an irreplaceable role in the laboratory and are the most important assets of the laboratory. So, how to manage scientifically and keep the instrument in good condition? Instrument and equipment procurement plan managementTo formulate the use plan of the instrument, it should be combined with the work task, the technical level of the user, the installation ability and conditions, and the funds.The purchase of instruments and equipment should proceed from the actual situation, in line with the principles of use and economy, and select instruments and equipment with good quality, stable performance, and that can meet the work requirements.Proofs must be strengthened for plans for expensive instruments and equipment. Specific users should go to the manufacturer to learn about the model, performance and quality indicators of the instrument, and go to the user unit to learn about the shortcomings and practical value of the instrument. Laboratory managers should choose instruments and equipment that meet the technical requirements of the specific standards of the experiment according to specific needs.According to the situation of the laboratory, the laboratory management personnel will purchase instruments and equipment from the person in charge of the relevant laboratory, and then conduct market research after approval by the person in charge of the laboratory, and then select the relevant equipment supplier for bidding or directly go to the relevant instrument and equipment Manufacturers purchase. Equipment installation acceptance, file managementAfter the…

A vacuum pump refers to a device or device that uses mechanical, physical, chemical or physicochemical methods to evacuate the evacuated container to obtain a vacuum. Generally speaking, a vacuum pump is a device that uses various methods to improve, generate and maintain vacuum in a certain closed space. Generally, there are two types of vacuum pumps used in laboratories: vacuum filtration and vacuum drying. Vacuum filtration is generally matched with various laboratory vacuum filtration devices, such as solvent filters, sand core filter bottles, Buchner funnel filter bottles, bottle top filters, microbial limit detection filter devices, multi-filters, etc. Simply put, it is an application that uses vacuum pumps, micro vacuum pumps and other equipment that can provide vacuum to speed up the separation of solid and liquid mixtures. Vacuum filtration is often used in medical and scientific research experiments. Therefore, under normal circumstances, large vacuum pumps with bulky, high noise, and high power consumption are not suitable. Micro vacuum pumps and small vacuum pumps are commonly used. Vacuum drying is a method of reducing the boiling point of liquid under low pressure and boiling and evaporating at room temperature, so that the sample can remove water or solvent, so as to increase the concentration of the sample or crystallize it. Vacuum pumps are generally used in conjunction with a variety of instruments in the laboratory, such as vacuum filters, waste liquid extractors, rotary evaporators, vacuum drying ovens, freeze dryers and other equipment. The most used and most important ones in the laboratory are oil-free piston type (mostly used for microbial detection) and corrosion-resistant diaphragm type (mostly used in chemical laboratories). The piston type is generally used for vacuum filtration, microbial detection, and waste liquid. Extraction, vacuum drying oven and other equipment supporting the use. The corrosion-resistant diaphragm type is generally…

This article provides a comprehensive understanding of water content determination in petroleum products, including sources, forms, hazards, and methods of measurement. It emphasizes the importance of accurate water content analysis for ensuring product quality and preventing performance issues in various industries such as petroleum, chemicals, power, and more. 1. Sources of Water Content in Petroleum Products: (1) Water Contamination during Storage and Transportation Water can get mixed into petroleum products during storage, transportation, refueling, and usage due to various reasons. Residual moisture in containers, inadequate sealing of storage tanks, ingress of rain, snow, or frost during refueling, as well as condensation of water vapor, can all lead to the presence of water in petroleum products. (2) Dissolved Moisture from Air Petroleum products, especially light fuels, have a certain degree of water solubility. With increasing temperature, humidity in the air, and aromatic hydrocarbon content, the water solubility of light fuels also increases. Gasoline and kerosene do not readily mix with water but can contain up to 0.01% dissolved water. 2. Forms of Water Presence in Oil Products: (1) Suspended Water Water is suspended in the form of small droplets in the oil, forming cloudy emulsions or colloids. This phenomenon commonly occurs in high-viscosity heavy oils, with protective films formed by cyclic acids, colloidal substances, clays, and more. In such cases, water is difficult to separate by sedimentation and requires special dehydration methods. For example, air agitation and heating or vacuum drying methods are used to remove water from water-containing lubricating oils. (2) Dissolved Water Water is uniformly dispersed in molecular form among hydrocarbon molecules, known as dissolved water. The solubility of water in oil depends on the chemical composition of the oil and temperature. Alkanes, cycloalkanes, and olefins generally have weaker water solubility, while aromatics can dissolve more water. Higher temperatures result in…

Laboratory pure water systems are very common in laboratories and other application fields. There may be some problems and fluctuations in the long-term use of the machine. Therefore, it is very important to understand the types and classification standards of laboratory pure water systems to choose the appropriate model. At present, the types of pure water can be divided into the following grades: Pure water, distilled water, deionized water, laboratory grade I, II, III pure water and ultrapure water. Standard ASTM and ISO 3696, laboratory grade II water and deionized water have the same quality requirements. Pure water is a general term that can be produced by a single weakly basic anion exchange resin, reverse osmosis or single distillation. At present, it is basically produced by the reverse osmosis method, which has the lowest purification level. Usually the conductivity is between 1-50 μs/cm. If you want to obtain extremely high-purity high-purity water or ultra-pure water, you still need to remove the electrolyte (soluble inorganic matter) from the mixing process. Bed, EDI and other methods. Typical applications include glassware cleaning, autoclaves, constant temperature and humidity chambers and water for washing machines. Conductivity ≤5.0μs/cm, PH: 5-7. Typical applications include glassware cleaning, autoclaves, constant temperature and humidity experimental chambers, water for cleaning machines, preparation of reagents, etc. It is generally prepared by single distillation or double-stage reverse osmosis method. There are still non-ionizable non-electrolytes (soluble organic matter) in deionized water, such as ethanol, heat sources, and relatively high bacterial contamination levels, so deionized water generally cannot be used as water for injection, but it can meet most needs, such as cleaning , prepare analysis standards, prepare reagents and dilute samples, etc. At present, ions in water are mainly removed through RO membrane (reverse osmosis method) and mixed bed resin (ion exchange method). Since…

Muffle furnace and tube furnace is commonly used in the laboratory of the two kinds of heat treatment equipment, they each have different characteristics and uses, the following will focus on the differences between the two kinds of furnace. Muffle furnace and tube furnace are two commonly used heat treatment equipment in the laboratory, they each have different characteristics and uses, the following will mainly introduce the difference between these two furnaces. First of all, from the morphological point of view, muffle furnace is rectangular or square, built-in heating elements and insulation materials, with excellent heat preservation performance. Tube furnaces, on the other hand, are long and cylindrical and are usually made of high-temperature alloys. Tube furnaces can be used to adjust the temperature distribution and temperature gradient by adjusting the position and number of heating elements inside the furnace. Therefore, compared with muffle furnaces, tube furnaces have greater flexibility and plasticity. Secondly, from the scope of application, muffle furnace is mainly used for ashing, carbonisation and other treatment processes of specimens at high temperature. As the muffle furnace has better airtight performance and temperature stability, it can be operated in an inert atmosphere or reducing atmosphere to avoid the oxidation of the specimen. The tube furnace, on the other hand, is mainly used for solid-phase reaction, chemical vapour deposition and other thermochemical reaction processes. Tube furnaces have a wider range of applications because they can perform a wide range of gas flow experiments. Finally, in terms of price and maintenance, muffle furnaces are usually cheaper and easier to maintain than tube furnaces. However, if larger sizes or quantities of specimens need to be processed, it may be necessary to choose a higher grade of muffle furnace, and therefore the price will increase accordingly. Conversely, tube furnaces are usually more…